Примечания

Предисловие. Ознакомительное занятие по курсу «Наука о силе воли»

Исследование силы воли: Americans Report Willpower and Stress as Key Obstacles to Meeting Health-Related Resolutions: National U. S. survey conducted by Harris Interactive, 03.02.2010-03.04.2010 / American Psychological Association. 2010.

Людиу которые думают, будто у них крепкая воля_у заблуждаются Nordgren L. F., Harreveld F. van, Pligt J. van der. The Restraint Bias: How the Illusion of Self-Restraint Promotes Impulsive Behavior // Psychological Science. 2009. Vol. 20. Pp. 1523–1528. См. также: Psychological Factors That Promote Behavior Modification by Obese Patients / H. Saito et al. // BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2009. Vol. 3. P. 9

Глава 1. «Я буду», «Я не буду», «Я хочу»: что такое сила воли и почему она важна

Как усложнение социальной среды привело к эволюции мозга: Dunbar R. I. М. The Social Brain: Mind, Language, and Society in Evolutionary Perspective // Annual Review of Anthropology. 2003. Vol. 32. Pp. 163–181. См. также: Dunbar R. I. М., Shultz S. Evolution in the Social Brain // Science. 2007. Vol. 317. Pp. 1344–1347.

Блага самоконтроля: Tangney J. P., Baumeister R. F., Boone A. L. Hi Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success // Journal of Personality. 2004. Vol. 72. Pp. 271–324. См. также: Kem М. L, Friedman Н. S. Do Conscientious Individuals Live Longer?: A Quantitative Review // Health Psychology. 2008. Vol. 27. Pp. 505–512.

Самоконтроль и успехи в университете: Duckworth A. L., Seligman М. Е. Self-Discipline Outdoes IQ in Predicting Academic Performance of Adolescents // Psychological Science. 2005. Vol. 16. Pp. 939–944.

Самоконтроль и лидерство: Kirkpatricks. A., Locke E. A. Leadership: Do Traits Matter? // Academy of Management Executive. 1991. Vol. 5. Pp. 48–60.

Самоконтроль и брак: Intrapersonal Characteristics and the Timing of Divorce: A Prospective Investigation / J. S. Tucker et al. 11 Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1998. Vol. 15. Pp. 211–225.

Префронтальная кора заставляет нас делать то, что труднее: Sapolsky R. М. The Frontal Cortex and the Criminal Justice System // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2004. Vol. 359. Pp. 1787–1796.

Специализация разных отделов префронтальной коры: Suchy Y. Executive Functioning: Overview, Assessment, and Research Issues for Non-Neuropsychologists // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 37. Pp. 106–116.

Подробности случая Финеаса Гейджа: Macmillan М. Restoring Phineas Gage: A 150th Retrospective 11 Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives. 2000. Vol. 9. Pp. 46–66.

Подлинник заключения лечащего врача Гейджа: Harlow J. М. Passage of an Iron Rod through the Head // Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1848. Vol. 39. Pp. 389–393.

Как возник человеческий мозг: Cohen J. D. The Vulcanization of the Human Brain: A Neural Perspective on Interactions Between Cognition and Emotion // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. Vol. 19. Pp. 3-24.

Проблема двухрассудков: Cohen J. D. Neural Perspective on Cognitive Control and the Multiplicity of Selves (речь на ежегодном собрании Американской психологической ассоциации, Сан-Диего, Калифорния, 13 августа 2010 года).

Случай бесстрашия: Anson J. A., Kuhlman D. Т. Post-Ictal Kluver- Bucy Syndrome after Temporal Lobectomy // Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1993. Vol. 56. Pp. 311–313.

Как боль препятствует тратам: Neural Predictors of Purchases / B. Knutson et al. // Neuron. 2007. Vol. 53. Pp. 147–156.

Выбор блюд: Wansink В., Sobal J. Mindless Eating // Environment and Behavior. 2007. Vol. 39. Pp. 106–123.

Рассеянность и импульсивные решения: Shiv В., Fedorikhin А. Heart and Mind in Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making // Journal of Consumer Research. 1999. Vol. 26. Pp. 278–392. См. также: Shiv B., Nowlis S. M. The Effect of Distractions While Tasting a Food Sample: The Interplay of Informational and Affective Components in Subsequent Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2004. Vol. 31. Pp. 599–608.

Жонглирование меняет мозг: Dynamic Properties of Human Brain Structure: Learning-Related Changes in Cortical Areas and Associated Fiber Connections / M. Taubert et al. // Journal of Neuroscience. 2010. Vol. 30. Pp. 11670-11677.

Игры на запоминание меняют мозг: Training of Working Memory Impacts Structural Connectivity / H. Takeuchi et al. // Journal of Neuroscience. 2010. Vol. 30. Pp. 3297–3303.

Польза медитации: Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise in Long-Term Meditation Practitioners / J. A. Brefczynski-Lewis et al. 11 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007. Vol. 104. Pp. 11483-11488. См. также: Regional Brain Activation During Meditation Shows Time and Practice Effects: An Exploratory fMRI Study / E. Baron Short et al. // Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2007. Vol. 7. Pp. 121–127. Moore A., Malinowski P. Meditation, Mindfulness and Cognitive Flexibility // Consciousness and Cognition. 2009. Vol. 18. Pp. 176–186.

Медитация и мозг: The Underlying Anatomical Correlates of LongTerm Meditation: Larger Hippocampal and Frontal Volumes of Gray Matter / E. Luders et al. // Neuroimage. 2009. Vol. 45. Pp. 672–678. Cm. также: Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry / В. K. Holzel et al. // Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2008. Vol. 3. Pp. 55–61; Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness / S. W. Lazar et al. // NeuroReport. 2005. Vol. 16. Pp. 1893–1897; Pagnoni G., Cekic M. Age Effects on Gray Matter Volume and Attentional Performance in Zen Meditation // Neurobiology of Aging. 2007. Vol. 28. Pp. 1623–1627.

Медитация и самоконтроль: Short-Term Meditation Induces White Matter Changes in the Anterior Cingulate / Y. Y. Tang et al. // Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010. Vol. 107. Pp. 15649-15652.

Медитация и самосознание: Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density / В. K. Holzel et al. // Psychiatry Research. 2011. Vol. 191. Pp. 36–43.

Глава 2. Инстинкт силы воли: ваше тело рождено сопротивляться пирожным

Ответ «дерись или беги»: Sapolsky R. М. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping. 2nd ed. N. Y.: W. H. Freeman, 1998.

Стресс ослабляет префронтальную кору: Arnsten A. F. Stress Signaling Pathways That Impair Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2009. Vol. 10. Pp. 410–422.

Ответ «остановись и спланируй»: Pause and Plan: Self-Regulation and the Heart / S. C. Segerstrom et al. // Motivational Perspectives on Cardiovascular Response / eds. G. Gendolla, and R. Wright. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011.

Самоконтроль требует сил: Persistent Resetting of the Cerebral Oxygen. Glucose Uptake Ratio by Brain Activation: Evidence Obtained with the Kety- Schmidt Technique / P. L. Madsen et al // Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 1995. Vol. 15. Pp. 485–491.

Чтобы устоять перед сладостями, надо повысить вариабельность сердечного ритма: Segerstrom, S. С., Nes L. S. Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self-Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue // Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 275–281.

Вариабельность сердечного ритма выделяет алкоголиков с риском срывов: Ingjaldsson J. Т., Laberg J. С., Thayer J. F. Reduced Heart Rate Variability in Chronic Alcohol Abuse: Relationship with Negative Mood, Chronic Thought Suppression, and Compulsive Drinking // Biological Psychiatry. 2003. Vol. 54. Pp. 1427–1436.

Высокая вариабельность сердечного ритма помогает владеть собой: Heart Rate Variability, Prefrontal Neural Function, and Cognitive Performance: The Neurovisceral Integration Perspective on SelfRegulation, Adaptation, and Health / J. F. Thayer et al. // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 37. Pp. 141–153.

Высокая вариабельность сердечного ритма помогает упорствовать: Segerstrom S. С., Nes L. S. Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self- Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue 11 Psychological Science. 2007 Vol. 18. Pp. 275–281. См. также: Geisler F. С. М., KubiakT. Heart Rate Variability Predicts Self-Control in Goal Pursuit // European Journal of Personality. 2009. Vol. 23. Pp. 623–633.

Депрессия, настроение и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Tayloi С. В. Depression, Heart Rate-Related Variables and Cardiovascular Disease // International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2010. Vol. 78. Pp. 80–88. См. также: 24-Hour Autonomic Dysfunction and Depressive Behaviors in an Animal Model of Social Isolation: Implications for the Study of Depression and Cardiovascular Disease / A. J. Grippo et al. // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010.

Хроническая боль, заболевание и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Self-Regulatory Deficits in Fibromyalgia and Temporomandibular Disorders / L. S. Nes et al. // Pain. 2010. Vol. 151. Pp. 37–44.

Медитация повышает вариабельность сердечного ритма: Heart Rate Dynamics in Different Levels of Zen Meditation / C. Peressutti et al. // International Journal of Cardiology. 2010. Vol. 145. Pp. 142146. См. также: Central and Autonomic Nervous System Interaction Is Altered by Short-Term Meditation / Y.-Y. Tang et al. // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009. Vol. 106. Pp. 88658870.

Дыхание и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Song H.-S., Lehrer P. M. The Effects of Specific Respiratory Rates on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2003. Vol. 28. Pp. 13–23.

Дыхательные упражнении помогают при посттравматиче- ских стрессовых расстройствах и зависимостях: The Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmiu Biofeedback on Heart Rate Variability and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Pilot Study / T. Zucker et al. // Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2009. Vol. 34. Pp. 135–143.

Спорт тренирует самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Longitudinal Gains in Self-Regulation from Regular Physical Exercise // British Journal of Health Psychology. 2006. Vol. 11. Pp. 717–733.

Спорт и влечения: Janse Van Rensburg K., Taylor A., Hodgson T. The Effects of Acute Exercise on Attentional Bias Towards Smoking-Related Stimuli During Temporary Abstinence from Smoking // Addiction. 2009. Vol. 104. Pp. 1910–1917. См. также: Taylor A. H., Oliver A. J. Acute Effects of Brisk Walking on Urges to Eat Chocolate, Affect, and Responses to a Stressor and Chocolate Cue. An Experimental Study // Appetite. 2009. Vol. 52. Pp. 155–160.

Спорт как антидепрессант: Effects of Physical Exercise on Depression, Neuroendocrine Stress Hormones and Physiological Fitness in Adolescent Females with Depressive Symptoms / C. Nabkasorn et al. // The European Journal of Public Health. 2006. Vol. 16. Pp. 179–184.

Спорт и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Heart Rate Variability and Its Relation to Prefrontal Cognitive Function: The Effects of Training and Detraining / A. L. Hansen et al. // European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004. Vol. 93. Pp. 263–272.

Спорт и мозг: Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans / S. J. Colcombe et al. 11 The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003. Vol. 58. Pp. M176-18 °Cм. также: Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans / S. J. Colcombe et al. // The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2006. Vol. 61. Pp. 1166–1170; Hillman С. H., Erickson К. I., Kramer A. F. Be Smart, Exercise Your Heart: Exercise Effects on Brain and Cognition // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2008. Vol. 9. Pp. 58–65.

Пять минут упражнений приносят пользу: BartonJ., PrettyJ. What Is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health?: A Multi-Study Analysis // Environmental Science & Technology. 2010. Vol. 44. Pp. 3947–3955.

Сон и силы: Effects of Poor and Short Sleep on Glucose Metabolism and Obesity Risk / K. Spiegel et al. // Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2009. Vol. 5. Pp. 253–261. См. также: Knutson, K. L., Van Cauter E. Associatio Between Sleep Loss and Increased Risk of Obesity and Diabetes // Annal of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008. Vol. 1129. Pp. 287–304.

Недосып и функционирование мозга: Durmer J. S., Dinges D. F. Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation // Seminars in Neurology. 2005. Vol. 25. Pp. 117–129.

Легкая префронтальная дисфункция: Sleep Deprivation Reduces Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Constructive Thinking Skills / W. D. S. Killgore et al. // Sleep Medicine. 2008. Vol. 9. Pp. 517–526.

Недосып и алкогольное опьянение: Performance Impairment During Four Days Partial Sleep Deprivation Compared with the Acute Effects of Alcohol and Hypoxia / D. Elmenhorst et al. // Sleep Medicine. 2009. Vol. 10. Pp. 189–197.

Недосып и стресс: The Human Emotional Brain without Sleep — A Prefrontal Amygdala Disconnect / S.-S. Yoo et al. // Current Biology. 2007. Vol. 17. Pp. R877-878.

Восстановление после недосыпа: Prefrontal Hypoactivation and Recovery in Insomnia / E. Altena et al. // Sleep. Vol. 31. 2008. Pp. 1271–1276.

Медитация, сон и зависимости: The Contribution of Mindfulness Practice to a Multicomponent Behavioral Sleep Intervention Following Substance Abuse Treatment in Adolescents: A Treatment-Development Study / W. B. Britton et al. // Substance Abuse. 2010. Vol. 31. Pp. 86–97.

Самоконтроль и иммунитет: Pause and Plan: Self-Regulation and the Heart / S. C. Segerstrom et al. // Motivational Perspectives on Cardiovascular Response / eds. G. Gendolla, and R. Wright. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011. См. также: Segerstrom S. C. Resources, Stress, and Immunity: An Ecological Perspective on Human Psychoneuroimmunology // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2010. Vol. 40. Pp. 114–125.

Польза релаксации: Stress, Inflammation, and Yoga Practice / J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al. // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2010. Vol. 72. Pp. 113–121.

Спортсмены восстанавливаются быстрее: Diaphragmatic Breathing Reduces Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress / D. Martarelli et al. // Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011. Vol. 2011. Pp. 1-10.

Физиологическая реакция релаксации: Бенсон Г. Чудо релаксации. М.: ACT, 2004.

Исследование стресса: Stress in America / American Psychological Association. 1-64. Washington, 2010.

Одиннадцатое сентября и стресс: Heart Rate Variability During the Week of September 11, 2001 / R. Lampert et al. // JAMA. 2002. Vol. 288. P. 575.

Одиннадцатое сентября и зависимости: Increased Use of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana among Manhattan, New York, Residents After the September 11th Terrorist Attacks / D. Vlahov et al. // American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002. Vol. 155. Pp. 988–996.

Экономический кризис и стресс: WASA Snacking Satisfaction Survey (10.02.2009-23.02.2009 Kelton Research, New York). URL: http:// www.wasacrispbread.com/downloads/SurveyFactSheet.pdf. См. также: Current Economic Situation Prompts Increased Smoking, Delay in Quit Attempts Middle and Low-Income Americans Hit Hardest // American Legacy Foundation. 2008. URL: http://www.legacyforhealth.org/2753.aspx.

Американцы спят меньше: National Sleep Foundation: Sleep in America Poll. Washington. 2008.

Недосып и ожирение: Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Role of Sleep and Sleep Loss in Hormonal Release and Metabolism / eds. S. Loche et al. // Pediatric Neuroendocrinology: Endocrine Development. 2010. Vol. 17. Pp. 11–21.

Недосып похож на синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности: Brennan A. R., Arnsten A. F. Т. Neuronal Mechanisms Underlying Attention Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2008. Vol. 1129. Pp. 236–245.

Обучение и самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Academic Examination Stress Impairs Self-Control 11 Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 24. Pp. 254–279.

Сигареты и мороженое: Duffy J., Hall S. M. Smoking Abstinence, Eating Style, and Food Intake // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1988. Vol. 56. Pp. 417–421.

Выпивка и выносливость: Muraven М., Shmueli D. The Self-Control Costs of Fighting the Temptation to Drink // Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2006. Vol. 20. Pp. 154–160.

Измены худеющих: Gailliot М. Т., Baumeister R. F. Self-Regulation and Sexual Restraint: Dispositionally and Temporarily Poor Self- Regulatory Abilities Contribute to Failures at Restraining Sexual Behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2007. Vol. 33. Pp. 173–186.

Как иссякает самоконтроль: Baumeister R. F., Heatherton T. F., Tice D. M. Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulatior San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

Покупательский выбор исчерпывает силу воли: Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control: A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative / K. D. Vohs et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008. Vol. 94. Pp. 883–898.

Мозг устает: Inzlicht М. I., Gutsell J. N. Running on Empty: Neural Signals for Self-Control Failure // Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 933–937.

Лимонад восстанавливает волю: Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor / М. T. Gailliot et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. Vol. 92. Pp. 325–336.

Низкий уровень сахара в крови и дурное поведение: Sweetened Blood Cools Hot Tempers: Physiological Self-Control and Aggression / C. N. DeWall et al. // Aggressive Behavior. 2011. Vol. 37. Pp. 73–80. См. также: Stereotypes and Prejudice in the Blood: Sucrose Drinks Reduce Prejudice and Stereotyping / М. T. Gailliot et al. // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 45. Pp. 288–290; Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful: Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness / C. N. DeWall et al. // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008. Vol. 34. Pp. 1653–1662.

Энергетические затраты на самоконтроль: Kurzban R. Does the Brain Consume Additional Glucose During Self-Control Tasks? // Evolutionary Psychology. 2010. Vol. 8. Pp. 244–259.

Нейронная оценка наличия глюкозы: Routh V. N. Glucose Sensing by the Brain: Implications for Diabetes 11 UMDNJ Research. 2007. Vol. 8. Pp. 1–3.

Модель «энергетического бюджета» самоконтроля: Wang X. Т., Dvorak R. D. Sweet Future: Fluctuating Blood Glucose Levels Affect Future Discounting // Psychological Science. 2010. Vol. 21. Pp. 183–188.

Люди делают более смелые вложения, когда голодны: Metabolic State Alters Economic Decision Making under Risk in Humans / M. Symmonds et al. 11 PLoS ONE. 2010. Vol. 5. P. el 1090.

Голодные люди более заинтересованы в измене: Gailliot М. Т. Hunger Impairs and Food Improves Self-Control in the Laboratory and Across the World: The Hyperbole of Reducing World Hunger as a Self-Control Panacea. 2011 (under review).

Хорошее руководство к диете для увеличения самоконтроля: Pollan М. Food Rules: An Eaters Manual. N. Y.: Penguin, 2009.

Установка сроков укрепляет самоконтроль: Oaten М., Cheng К. Improved Self-Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic Study 11 Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 2006. Vol. 28. Pp. 1-16.

Примеры программ, обучающих самоконтролю: Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior / R. F. Baumeister et al. // Journal of Personality. 2006. Vol. 74. Pp. 1773–1801. См. также Muraven М., Baumeister R. F., Tice D. M. Longitudinal Improvement of Self-Regulation through Practice: Building Self-Control Strength through Repeated Exercise // The Journal of Social Psychology. 1999. Vol. 139. Pp. 446–457; Muraven М. Building Self-Control Strength: Practicing Self-Control Leads to Improved Self-Control Performance // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. Vol. 46. Pp. 465–468; Oaten М., Cheng K. Improvements in Self-Control from Financial Monitoring // Journal of Economic Psychology. 2007. Vol. 28. Pp. 487–501.

Тренировка силы воли для сокращения домашнего насилия: Self- Regulatory Failure and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration / E. J. Finkel et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 97. Pp. 483–499.

Устоять перед конфеткой, чтобы укрепить самоконтроль: Tempt Me Just a Little Bit More: The Effect of Prior Food Temptation Actionability on Goal Activation and Consumption / K. Geyskens et al. // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 600–610. Почему мы устаем: Noakes T. D., St. Clair Gibson A., Lambert E. V. From Catastrophe to Complexity: A Novel Model of Integrative Central Neural Regulation of Effort and Fatigue During Exercise in Humans: Summary and Conclusions // British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005. Vol. 39. Pp. 120–124.

Усталость как эмоция: Noakes T. D., Peltonen J. E., Rusko H. K. Evidence That a Central Governor Regulates Exercise Performance During Acute Hypoxia and Hyperoxia // The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2001. Vol. 204. Pp. 3225–3234.

Атлеты силы воли не знают усталости: Job V., Dweck С. S., Walton G. M. Ego Depletion — Is It All in Your Head? Implicit Theories About Willpower Affect Self-Regulation // Psychological Science. 2010. Vol. 21. Pp. 1686–1693.

Заинтересованность помогает преодолеть усталость: Muraven М., Slessareva Е. Mechanisms of Self-Control Failure: Motivation and Limited Resources // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2003. Vol. 29. Pp. 894–906.

Игра «Лес»: Crelley D., Lea S., Fisher P. Ego Depletion and the Tragedy of the Commons: Self Regulation Fatigue in Public Goods Games // World Meeting of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology and the Society for Advancement of Behavioral Economics, 2008, Rome.

Красочный рассказ о трагедии острова Пасхи: Diamond J. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. N. Y.: Viking, 2004. Экономическая модель: Bologna,MFlores J. C. A Simple Mathematical Model of Society Collapse Applied to Easter Island // EPL (Europhysics Letters). 2008. Vol. 81. Pp. 480–486.

«Архитектура выборов»: Thaler R. H., Sunstein C. R. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. N. Y.: Knopf, 2008.

Расположение товара увеличивает число полезных приобретений: Just D. R., Wan- sink В. Smarter Lunchrooms: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Meal Selection // Choices. 2009. Vol. 24.

Глава 4. Разрешение на грех: почему хорошим дозволяется быть плохими

Сексистское исследование и нравственные поблажки: Monin В., Miller D. Т. Moral Credentials and the Expression of Prejudice //Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001. Vol. 81. Pp. 33–43.

Как чувство добродетели оправдывает плохие поступки: Fishbach A. , Dhar R. Goals as Excuses or Guides: The Liberating Effect of Percei Goal Progress on Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2005. Vol. 32 Pp. 370–377. См. также: Fishbach A., Zhang Y. Together or Apart: Whe Goals and Temptations Complement Versus Compete // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2008. Vol. 94. Pp. 547–559.

Прошлые хорошие поступки пускают нас в отрыв: Sachdeva S., Iliev R., Medin D. L. Sinning Saints and Saintly Sinners // Psychologic; Science. 2009. Vol. 20. Pp. 523–528.

Намеренное потакание: Mukhopadhyay A., Johar G. V. Indulgence as Self-Reward for Prior Shopping Restraint: A Justification-Based Mechanism // Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2009. Vol. 19. Pp. 334–345.

Я заслуживаю поощрения: Mick D. G., Demoss M. Self-Gifts: Phenomenological Insights from Four Contexts 11 Journal of Consumer Research. 1990. Vol. 17. Pp. 322–332.

Мысли об альтруистичных поступках разрешают потакание: Khan U., Dhar R. Licensing Effect in Consumer Choice // Journal of Marketing Research. 2006. Vol. 43. Pp. 259–266.

Нравственные суждения: Haidt J. The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment // Psychological Review. 2001. Vol. 108. Pp. 814–834.

Потеря веса разрешает шоколад: Fishbach A., Dhar R. Goals as Excuses or Guides: The Liberating Effect of Perceived Goal Progress on Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2005. Vol. 32. Pp. 370–377.

Прогресс и преданность цели: Fishbach A., Dhar R. Goals as Excuses or Guides: The Liberating Effect of Perceived Goal Progress on Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2005. Vol. 32. Pp. 370–377. См. также: Fishbach A., Dhar R., Zhang Y. Subgoals as Substitutes or Complements: The Role of Goal Accessibility // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2006. Vol. 91. Pp. 232–242.

Вспомните о причинах: Mukhopadhyay A., Sengupta J., Ramanathan S. Recalling Past Temptations: An Information-Processing Perspective on the Dynamics of Self-Control // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008.Vol. 35. Pp. 586–599.

Кредит на запланированную добродетель: Fishbach A., Dhar R. Goals as Excuses or Guides: The Liberating Effect of Perceived Goal Progress on Choice // Journal of Consumer Research. 2005. Vol. 32. Pp. 370–377.

Салат способствует выбору наименее здорового блюда: Vicarious Goal Fulfi llment: When the Mere Presence of a Healthy Option Leads to an Ironically Indulgent Decision / K. Wilcox et al. // Journal of Consumer Research. 2009. Vol. 36. Pp. 380–393.

Будущий выбор разрешает баловство: Khan U., Dhar R. Where Then Is a Way, Is There a Will? The Effect of Future Choices on Self-Control Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2007. Vol. 136. Pp. 277–288.

В будущем нас ждет больше свободного времени: Zauberman G., Lynch J. J. G. Resource Slack and Propensity to Discount Delayed Investments of Time Versus Money // Journal of Experimental Psychology. 2005. Vol. 134. Pp. 23–37.

Идеальное будущее: Tanner R. J., Carlson K. A. Unrealistically Optimistic Consumers: A Selective Hypothesis Testing Account for Optimism in Predictions of Future Behavior // Journal of Consumer Research. 2009. Vol. 35. Pp. 810–822.

Снизьте непостоянство своего поведения, например курите одно и то же число сигарет в день: Kachlin Н. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 2000. Pp. 126–127.

Здоровый выбор разрешает баловство: Chandon P., WansinkB. The Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions // Journal of Consumer Research. 2007. Vol. 34. Pp. 301–314. Отрицательные калории чизбургера: Chernov A. The Dieters Paradox // Journal of Consumer Psychology (in press).

Шоколад на благотворительность: Mukhopadhyay A., Johar G. V. Indulgence as Self-Reward for Prior Shopping Restraint: A Justification-Based Mechanism // Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2009. Vol. 19. Pp. 334–345.

Органическое печенье Oreoс ореолом: SchuldtJ. P., SchwarzN. The «Organic» Path to Obesity? Organic Claims Influence Calorie Judgments and Exercise Recommendations // Judgment and Decision Making. 2010. Vol. 5. Pp. 144–150.

Экологическая сознательность оправдывает жульничество: Mazar N., Zhong С. В. Do Green Products Make Us Better People? 11 Psychological Science. 2010. Vol. 21. Pp. 494–498.

«Зеленые» поблажки в реальной жизни: Kotchen М. J. Offsetting Gre< Guilt // Stanford Social Innovation Review. 2009. Vol. 7. Pp. 26–31. Когда возникают «зеленые» поблажки? Gans J. S., Groves V. Carbon Offset Provision with Guilt-Ridden Consumers // Social Science Research Network. 2010. URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969494.

Глава 5. Величайший обман мозга: почему мы принимаем желание за счастье

Крыса, которой нравились удары током: Olds J. Pleasure Center in the Brain // Scientific American. 1956. Vol. 195. Pp. 105–116. Cm. также: Olds J. «Reward» From Brain Stimulation in the Rat // Science. 1955. Vol. 122. P. 878.

Крысы бьют себя током: Olds J. Self-Stimulation of the Brain: Its Use to Study Local Effects of Hunger, Sex, and Drugs // Science. 1958. Vol. 127. Pp. 315–324.

Эксперименты на людях: Heath R. G. Electrical Self-Stimulation of the Brain in Man // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1963. Vol. 120. Pp. 571–577. См. также: Bishop M. P., Elder S. Т., Heath R. G. Intracran Self-Stimulation in Man // Science. 1963. Vol. 140. Pp. 394–396.

Описание случая: Heath R. G. Pleasure and Brain Activity in Man. Deep and Surface Electroencephalograms During Orgasm 11 Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1972. Vol. 154. Pp. 3-18.

Дофамин вызывает желание: Berridge К. С. The Debate over Dopamine’s Role in Reward: The Case for Incentive Salience // Psychopharmacology. 2007. Vol. 191. Pp. 391–431.

Удовольствие без дофамина: Berridge К. С. «Liking» and «Wanting» Food Rewards: Brain Substrates and Roles in Eating Disorders // Physiology & Behavior. 2009. Vol. 97. Pp. 537–550.

Предвкушение награды: Dissociation of Reward Anticipation and Outcome with Event-Related fMRI / B. Knutson et al. 11 NeuroReport. 2001. Vol. 12. Pp. 3683–3687.

Выброс дофамина при видеоиграх: Evidence for Striatal Dopamine Release During a Video Game / M. J. Koepp et al. // Nature. 1998. Vol. 393. Pp. 266–268.

Смерть игрока: S Korean Dies After Games Session // BBC News. 2005. URL: http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/technology/4137782.stm.

Клинические случаи при паркинсонизме: Nirenberg М. J., Waters С. Compulsive Eating and Weight Gain Related to Dopamine Agonist Use // Movement Disorders. 2006. Vol. 21. Pp. 524–529. См. также: Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease / J. M. Bostwick et al. // Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2009. Vol. 84. Pp. 310–316.

Сексуальные изображения и финансовые риски: Nucleus Accumbens Activation Mediates the Influence of Reward Cues on Financial Risk- Taking / B. Knutson et al. // NeuroReport. 2008. Vol. 19. Pp. 509–513.

Мечты о лотерее и еда: Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa / B. Briers et al. // Psychological Science. 2006. Vol. 17. Pp. 939–943.

Дофамин и сиюминутное наслаждение: Berridge К. С. Wanting and Liking: Observations from the Neuroscience and Psychology Laboratory 11 Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy. 2009. Vol. 52. Pp. 378–398.

Исследование дегустации продуктов: Wadhwa М., Shiv В., Nowlis S. M. A Bite to Whet the Reward Appetite: The Influence of Sampling on Reward-Seeking Behaviors // Journal of Marketing Research. 2008. Vol. 45. Pp. 403–413.

Телереклама провоцирует перекус: Harris J. L., Bargh J. A., Brownel K. D. Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior // Health Psychology. 2009. Vol. 28. Pp. 404–413.

Жребий: Give Them Prizes, and They Will Come: Contingency Management for Treatment of Alcohol Dependence / N. M. Petry et al. > Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000. Vol. 68. Pp. 250257. См. также: Petry N. M. Contingency Management Treatments // The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006. Vol. 198. Pp. 97–98.

Дофамин и стресс: Dopamine Enhances Fast Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Extended Amygdala by a Crf-Rl-Dependent Process / T. L. Kash et al. // The Journal of Neuroscience. 2008. Vol. 28 Pp. 13856-13865.

Шоколад вызывает стресс: Subjective and Physiological Reactivity t Chocolate Images in High and Low Chocolate Cravers / S. Rodriguez et al. // Biological Psychology. 2005. Vol. 70. Pp. 9-18.

Выдохшийся попкорн: Wansink В., Kim J. Bad Popcorn in Big Buckets: Portion Size Can Influence Intake as Much as Taste // Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Vol. 37. Pp. 242–245.

Проверка обещания награды: A Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Modified Mindfulness Intervention on Binge Eating / B. W. Smith et al. Complementary Health Practice Review. 2006. Vol. 11. Pp. 133–143. C также: Pilot Study: Mindful Eating And Living (MEAL): Weight, Eatin Behavior, and Psychological Outcomes Associated with a Mindfulness- Based Intervention for People with Obesity / J. Dalen et al. // Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2010. Vol. 18. Pp. 260–264.

Наркоман теряет желание: Anhedonia after a Selective Bilateral Lesion of the Globus Pallidus / J. M. Miller et al. // Amercian Journal o: Psychiatry. 2006. Vol. 163. Pp. 786–788. Как и в прочих историях из этой книги, вместо имени используется псевдоним.

Слабая активность системы подкрепления: Reduced Capacity to Sustain Positive Emotion in Major Depression Reflects Diminished Maintenance of Fronto-Striatal Brain Activation / A. S. Heller et al. // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009. Vol. 106. Pp. 22445-22450.

Глава 6. Какого черта: как раскаяние подталкивает нас к соблазну

Исследование стресса: American Psychological Association (АРА) Study, Stress in America // American Psychological Association. Washington, 2007.

Шоколад способствует чувству вины: Macdiarmid J. I., Hethering- ton М. M. Mood Modulation by Food: An Exploration of Affect and Cravings in «Chocolate Addicts» // British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1995. Vol. 34. Pp. 129–138.

Стресс и курение: Stress-Induced Cigarette Craving: Effects of the DRD2 Taqi RFLP and SLC6A3 VNTR Polymorphisms / J. Erblich et al. // The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2004. Vol. 4. Pp. 102–109. Стресс и еда: Oliver G., Wardle J., Gibson E. L. Stress and Food Choice: A Laboratory Study // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2000. Vol. 62. Pp. 853–865.

Крысы в стрессе: Yap J. J., Miczek K. A. Stress and Rodent Models of Drug Addiction: Role of VTA-Accumbens-PFC-Amygdala Circuit // Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models. 2008. Vol. 5. Pp. 259–270.

Стресс в естественных условиях увеличивает риск срывов: Oaten М., Cheng К. Academic Examination Stress Impairs Self-Control // Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 24. Pp. 254–279. Стресс и влечения: Neural Activity Associated with Stress-Induced Cocaine Craving: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study / R. Sinha et al. // Psychopharmacology. 2005. Vol. 183. Pp. 171–180.

При раскаянии пирожное выглядит аппетитнее: Chun Н., Patrick V. М., Maclnnism D. J. Making Prudent vs. Impulsive Choices: The Role of Anticipated Shame and Guilt on Consumer Self-Control 11 Advances in Consumer Research. 2007. Vol. 34. Pp. 715–719.

Покупки ради снижения тревожности: Pine К. J. Report on a Survey into Female Economic Behaviour and the Emotion Regulatory Role of Spending // Sheconomics website. 2009. Pp. 1-24. URL: http://www.sheconomics.com/downloads/womens_emotions.pdf.

Цель утешиться побеждает самоконтроль: Tice D. М., Bratslavsky E. Giving In to Feel Good: ’Hie Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control // Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory. 2000.Vol. 11. Pp. 149–159.

Теория управления ужасом: Burke В. L., Martens A., Faucher E. H. Two Decades of Terror Management Theory: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Research // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2010. Vol. 14. Pp. 155–195.

Смерть и еда в успокоение: Mandel N., Smeesters D. The Sweet Escape: Effects of Mortality Salience on Consumption Quantities for High- and Low-Self-Esteem Consumers // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 309–323.

Смерть и символы значимости: Mandel N., Heine S. J. Terror Management and Marketing: He Who Dies with the Most Toys Wins // Advances in Consumer Research. 1999. Vol. 26. Pp. 527–532.

Покупки и 11 сентября 2001 года: The Urge to Splurge: A Terror Management Account of Materialism and Consumer Behavior / J. Arndt et al. // Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2004. Vol. 14. Pp. 198–212.

Душещипательный фильм побуждает к спонтанным покупкам: Misery Is Not Miserly: Sad and Self-Focused Individuals Spend More / С. E. Cryder et al. // Psychological Science. 2008. Vol. 19. Pp. 525–530.

Предупреждения на упаковке могут приводить к нежелательным последствиям: Hansen J., Winzeler S., Topolinski S. When the Death Makes You Smoke: A Terror Management Perspective on the Effectiveness of Cigarette on-Pack Warnings // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010. Vol. 46. Pp. 226–228.

Пьянство и вина: The Morning After: Limit Violations and the SelfRegulation of Alcohol Consumption / M. Muraven et al. // Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2005. Vol. 19. Pp. 253–262.

Эффект «какого черта»: Polivy J., Herman С. P. Dieting and Binging: A Causal Analysis 11 American Psychologist. 1985. Vol. 40. Pp. 193–201 См. также исследование вины: Steenhuis I. Guilty or Not?: Feelings of Guilt About Food Among College Women // Appetite. 2009. Vol. 52. Pp. 531–534.

Щедрая порция вызывает эффект «какого черта»: Polivy J., Herman С. P., Deo R. Getting a Bigger Slice of the Pie. Effects on Eating and Emotion in Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters // Appetite. 2010. Vol. 55. Pp. 426–430.

Подкрученные весы вызывают эффект «какого черта»: McFarlane Т., Polivy J., Herman С. P. Effects of False Weight Feedback on Mood, Self-Evaluation, and Food Intake in Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998. Vol. 107. Pp. 312–318.

Прервать цикл «какого черта»: Adams С. Е., Leary М. R. Promoting Self-Compassionate Attitudes toward Eating among Restrictive and Guilty Eaters // Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2007. Vol. 26. Pp. 1120–1144.

Самокритика и самоконтроль: Trumpeter N., Watson P. J., O’Leary B. J. Factors within Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales: Complexity of Relationships with Self-Esteem, Narcissism, Self-Control, and Self-Criticism // Personality and Individual Differences. 2006. Vol. 41. Pp. 849–860. См. также: Good Self-Control Moderates the Effect of Mass Media on Adolescent Tobacco and Alcohol Use: Tests with Studies of Children and Adolescents / T. A. Wills et al. // Health Psychology. 2010. Vol. 29. Pp. 539–549; Cety N. B., Gunduz H. B., Akin A. An Investigation of the Relationships between Self-Compassion, Motivation, and Burnout with Structural Equation Modeling // Abant Y zzet Baysal Universitesi Editim Fakultesi Dergisi Cilt. 2008. Vol. 8. Pp. 39–45.

Самоедство и депрессия: Fears of Compassion: Development of Three Self-Report Measures / P. Gilbert et al. 11 Psychology and Psychotherapy 2010 (epub ahead of print).

Вина и медлительность: Wohl M. J. A., Pychyl T. A., Bennett S. H. I Forgive Myself, Now I Can Study: How Self-Forgiveness for Procrastinating Can Reduce Future Procrastination // Personality and Individual Differences. 2010. Vol. 48. Pp. 803–808.

Прощение себя и ответственность: Self-Compassion and Reactions to Unpleasant Self-Relevant Invents: The Implications of Treating Oneself Kindly / M. R. Leary et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. Vol. 92. Pp. 887–904. См. также: Allen A. B., Leary M. R. Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping // Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2010. Vol. 4. Pp. 107–118. Neff K. D., Kirkpatrick K. L., Rude S. S. Self-Compassion and Adaptive Psychological Functioning// Journal of Research in Personality. 2007. Vol. 41. Pp. 139' 154. Chamberlain J. М., Haaga D. A. F. Unconditional Self-Acceptance and Responses to Negative Feedback // Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. 2001. Vol. 19. Pp. 177–189.

Обещание перемен наполняет надеждой: Polivy J., Herman С. P. If at First You Don’t Succeed: False Hopes of Self-Change // American Psychologist. 2002. Vol. 57. Pp. 677–689.

План неудачи: Gollwitzer P. М., Oettingen G. Planning Promotes Goal Striving // Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications / ed. K. D. Vohs and R. F. Baumeister. N. Y.: Guilford, 2011.

Глава 7. Будущеенапродажу: экономикасиюминутныхнаслаждений

Шимпанзе против людей: The Evolutionary Origins of Human Patience: Temporal Preferences in Chimpanzees, Bonobos, and Human Adults / A. G. Rosati et al. // Current Biology. 2007. Vol. 17. Pp. 1663-1668.

Если бы люди думали о будущем: Гилберт Д. Спотыкаясь о счастье. СПб.: Питер, 2008.

Ограниченная рациональность: Mullainathan S., Thaler R. H. Behavioral Economics // Working Paper № 00–27. 2000. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=245828.

Обратные предпочтения: Ainslie G. Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control // Psychological Bulletin. 1975. Vol. 82. Pp. 463–496.

Реакции мозга на близкие награды: Cohen J. D. The Vulcanization of the Human Brain: A Neural Perspective on Interactions between Cognition and Emotion // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2005. Vol. 19. Pp. 3-24.

Будущие и близкие награды: Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards / S. M. McClure et al. 11 Science. 2004.Vol. 306. Pp. 503–507.

Уберите конфеты: Painter J. E., Wansink B., Hieggelke J. B. How Visibility and Convenience Influence Candy Consumption // Appetite. 2002.Vol. 38. Pp. 237–238.

10-минутная задержка: Time Discounting for Primary Rewards / S.M. McClure et al. 11 Journal of Neuroscience. 2007. Vol. 27. Pp. 57965804.

«Зефирный тест»: Mischel W., Shoda Y., Rodriguez М. I. Delay of Gratification in Children // Science. 1989. Vol. 244. Pp. 933–938.

Отслеживание детей после «Зефирного теста»: Mischel W., Shoda Y., Peake P. K. The Nature of Adolescent Competencies Predicted by Preschool Delay of Gratification // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988. Vol. 54. Pp. 687–696. См. также: Predicting Cognitive Control from Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood /1. M. Eigsti et al. // Psychological Science. 2006. Vol. 17. Pp. 478–484.

Процент скидки предсказывает проблемы самоконтроля: Ikeda S., Kang M.-I., Ohtake F. Hyperbolic Discounting, the Sign Effect, and the Body Mass Index // Journal of Health Economics. 2010. Vol. 29. Pp. 268–284. См. также: Kirby K. N., Petry N. М., Bickel W. K. Heroin Addicts Have Higher Discount Rates for Delayed Rewards Than NonDrug-Using Controls // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1999. Vol. 128. Pp. 78–87; Alessi S. М., Petry N. M. Pathological Gambling Severity Is Associated with Impulsivity in a Delay Discounting Procedure // Behavioural Processes. 2003. Vol. 64. Pp. 345–354; Zau- berman G., Kim В. K. Time Perception and Retirement Saving: Lessons from Behavioral Decision Research // Pension Research Council Working Paper № 2010-35. 2010. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1707666; Zimbardo P. G., Boyd J. N. Putting Time in Perspective: A Valid, Reliable Individual-Differences Metric // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999. Vol. 77. Pp. 1271–1288.

Сначала думайте об отдаленных наградах: Asymmetric Discounting in Intertemporal Choice / M. U. Weber et al. 11 Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 516–523.

Предварительные обязательства: Schelling Т. С. Egonomics, or the Art of Self-Management 11 The American Economic Review. 1978. Vol. 68. Pp. 290–294.

Ограничьте свое будущее «я»: Ainslie G. Specious Reward: A Behavioral Theory of Impulsiveness and Impulse Control 11 Psychological Bulletin. 1975. Vol. 82. Pp. 463–496.

Стратегия писателя: Grossman L. Jonathan Franzen: Great American Novelist // Time. 2010. Aug. 12.

Личный советник в управлении финансами: Advisor-Teller Money Manager (ATM) Therapy for Substance Use Disorders / М. I. Rosen et al. // Psychiatric Services. 2010. Vol. 61. Pp. 707–713. См. также: Black А. С., Rosen М. I. A Money Management-Based Substance Use Treatment Increases Valuation of Future Rewards // Addictive Behaviors. 2011. Vol. 36. Pp. 125–128.

Будущие «я» — незнакомцы: Pronin E., Olivola С. Y., Kennedy K. A. Doing unto Future Selves as You Would Do unto Others: Psychological Distance and Decision Making // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Vol. 34. 2008. Pp. 224–236.

Мысли о текущих и будущих «я»: Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice / J. P. Mitchell et al. 11 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2011. Vol. 23. Pp. 857–866. См. также: Modulation of Medial Prefrontal and Inferior Parietal Cortices When Thinking About Past, Present, and Future Selves / A. DArgembeau et al. // Social Neuroscience. 2010. Vol. 5. Pp. 187–200; Ersner-Hershfield H., Wimmer G. E., Knutson B. Saving for the Future Self: Neural Measures of Future SelfContinuity Predict Temporal Discounting // Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2009. Vol. 4. Pp. 85–92.

Активация мозга и волевое решение: Medial Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Intertemporal Choice / J. P. Mitchell et al. 11 Journal of Cognitive Neurosciente. 2011. Vol. 23. Pp. 857–866.

Исследование пенсионных счетов: Number of Americans Reporting No Personal or Retirement Savings Rises: Survey of 2,151 adults in the U. S. conducted between November 8 to 15 / Harris Interactive Poll. 2010 (reported online February 2, 2011).

Иллюстрация к измерению преемственности будущего «я»: Don’t Stop Thinking About Tomorrow: Individual Differences in Future SelfContinuity Account for Saving / H. Ersner-Hershfield et al. // Judgment and Decision Making. 2009. Vol. 4. Pp. 280–286.

Встреча с будущим «я» помогает студентам копить на пенсию: Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self / H. Ersner-Hershfield et al. // Journal of Marketing Research (in press).

Мысли о будущем «я» помогают отсрочивать вознаграждение: Peters J., Buchel С. Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting Through an Enhancement of Prefrontal-Mediotemporal Interactions // Neuron. 2010. Vol. 66. Pp. 138–148.

Визуализация будущего «я» побуждает к занятиям спортом: Murru Е. С., Martin Ginis К. A. Imagining the Possibilities: The Effects of a Possible Selves Intervention on Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Exercise Behavior // Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2010. Vol. 32. Pp. 537–554.

Дальнозоркость: Kivetz R., Keinan A. Repenting Hyperopia: An Analysis of Self-Control Regrets // Journal of Consumer Research. 2006. Vol. 33. Pp. 273–282.

Как избежать сожалений дальнозоркости: Kivetz R., Simonson I. Self-Control for the Righteous: Toward a Theory of Precommitment to Indulgence // Journal of Consumer Research. 2002. Vol. 29. Pp. 199217. См. также: Haws K. L., Poynor C. Seize the Day!: Encouraging Indulgence for the Hyperopic Consumer // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 680–691; Keinan A., Kivetz R. Remedying Hyperopia: The Effects of Self-Control Regret on Consumer Behavior // Journal of Marketing Research. 2008. Vol. 45. Pp. 676–689.

Глава 8. Заразно! Почему сила воли заразительна

Исследование физподготовки в ВВС США: Carrell S. Е., Hoekstra М., West J. Е. Is Poor Fitness Contagious?: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Friends 11 National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper № 16518. 2010.

Показатели ожирения в СШA: I he Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html.

Эпидемия ожирения: Christakis N. A., Fowler J. H. The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years // New England Journal of Medicine. 2007. Vol. 357. Pp. 370–379.

Исследование социальной «инфекции»: Fowler J. H., Christakis N. A. Estimating Peer Effects on Health in Social Networks: A Response to Cohen-Cole and Fletcher; and Trogdon, Nonnemaker, and Pais // Journal of Health Economics. 2008. Vol. 27. Pp. 1400–1405. См. также: The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network / J. N. Rosenquist et al. // Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010. Vol. 152. Pp. 426–433; Christakis N. A., Fowler J. H. The Collective Dynamics of Smoking in a Large Social Network // New England Journal of Medicine. 2008. Vol. 358. Pp. 2249–2258; Med- nick S. C., Christakis N. A., Fowler J. H. The Spread of Sleep Loss Influences Drug Use in Adolescent Social Networks // PLoS ONE. 2010. Vol. 5. Pp. e9775; Rosenquist J. N., Fowler J. H., Christakis N. A. Socia Network Determinants of Depression // Molecular Psychiatry. 2010 (online advance publication).

Зеркальные нейроны: Cattaneo L., Rizzolatti G. The Mirror Neuron System // Archives of Neurology. 2009. Vol. 66. Pp. 557–560. Предчувствие боли и эмпатия: Avenanti A., Sirigu A., Aglioti S. М. Racial Bias Reduces Empathic Sensorimotor Resonance with Other- Race Pain // Current Biology. 2010. Vol. 20. Pp. 1018–1022.

Курильщики на экране: Spontaneous Action Representation in Smokers When Watching Movie Characters Smoke / D. D. Wagner et al. // Journal of Neuroscience. 2011. Vol. 31. Pp. 894–898.

Распространение эмоций в социальных сетях: Fowler J. Н., Christakis N. A. Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network: Longitudinal Analysis over 20 Years in the Framingham Heart Study // BMJ. 2008. Vol. 337. P. a2338; Cacioppo J. Т., Fowler J. H., Christakis N. A. Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. Vol. 97. Pp. 977–991.

Заражение целью: Aarts Н., Gollwitzer Р. М., Hassin R. R. Goal Contagion: Perceiving Is for Pursuing 11 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004. Vol. 87. Pp. 23–37. См. также: Pontus Leander N., Shah J. Y., Chartrand T. L. Moments of Weakness: The Implicit Context Dependencies of Temptations // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2009. Vol. 35. Pp. 853–866.

Иммунный ответ на волевые угрозы: Fishbach A., Trope Y. Implicit and Explicit Mechanisms of Counteractive Self-Control // Handbook of Motivation Science / eds. James Y. Shah and W. Gardner. N. Y.: Guilford, 2007.

Нарушение правил заразительно: Keizer К., Lindenberg S., Steg L. The Spreading of Disorder // Science. 2008. Vol. 322. Pp. 1681–1685.

Думайте о человеке с хорошим самоконтролем: VanDellen М. R., Hoyle R. Н. Regulatory Accessibility and Social Influences on State Self-Control // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2010. Vol. 36. Pp. 251–263.

Сложное заражение: Centola D. The Spread of Behavior in an Online Social Network Experiment // Science. 2010. Vol. 329. Pp. 1194–1197. Мама как часть образа «я»: Self, Mother and Abstract Other: An fMRI Study of Reflective Social Processing / T. Vanderwal et al. // Neu- rolmage. 2008. Vol. 41. Pp. 1437–1446.

Исследование природоохранного поведения: Normative Social Influence Is Underdetected / Nolan J. M. et al. 11 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008. Vol. 34. Pp. 913–923.

Бог хочет, чтобы вы худели: Anshel М. Н. The Disconnected Values (Intervention) Model for Promoting Healthy Habits in Religious Institutions // Journal of Religion and Health. 2010. Vol. 49. Pp. 32–49.

He будь легкомысленным аспирантом: Berger J., Rand L. Shifting Sig nals to Help Health: Using Identity Signaling to Reduce Risky Health Behaviors // Journal of Consumer Research. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 509–518.

Пугающая медицинская статистика: Schoenborn С. A., Adams P. F. Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 2005–2007 // Vital and Healtl Statistics: Series 10. Data from the National Health Survey. 2010. Vol. 2 Pp. 1-132. См. также: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2009. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/Features/FruitsAndVeggies/; United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Briefing Rooms, Sugar and Sweeteners 2010. URL: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Sugar/Data.htm.

Тучные не чувствуют себя тучными: BodySizeMisperception: A Novel Determinant in the Obesity Epidemic / Т. M. Powell et al. // Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010. Vol. 170. Pp. 1695–1697.

Удар no середине: The Constructive, Destructive, and Reconstructive Power of Social Norms / P. W. Schultz et al. 11 Psychological Science. 2007. Vol. 18. Pp. 429–434. См. также: Costa D. L., Kahn М. E. Energy Conservation «Nudges» and Environmentalist Ideology: Evidence from a Randomized Residential Electricity Field Experiment // National Bureau of Economic Research. Working paper № 15939. 2010.

Нормы списывания: Hard S. F., Conway J. М., Moran A. C. Faculty and College Student Beliefs about the Frequency of Student Academic Misconduct // The Journal of Higher Education. 2006. Vol. 77. Pp. 1058–1080.

Убеждения предсказывают списывание: McCabe D. L., Trevino L. K., Butterfield K. D. Honor Codes and Other Contextual Influences on Academic Integrity: A Replication and Extension to Modified Honor Code Settings // Research in Higher Education. 2002. Vol. 43. Pp. 357–378.

Жульничество с налогами: Wenzel M. Misperceptions of Social Norms about Tax Compliance: From Theory to Intervention // Journal of Economic Psychology. 2005. Vol. 26. Pp. 862–883.

Как исправить неверные представления о нормах: Perkins Н. W. Social Norms and the Prevention of Alcohol Misuse in Collegiate Contexts Journal of Studies on Alcohol Supplement. 2002. Vol. 14. Pp. 164–172.

Воображаемая гордость помогает достичь цели: Bagozzi R. P., Dh lakia U. М., Basuroy S. How Effortful Decisions Get Enacted: The Motivating Role of Decision Processes, Desires, and Anticipated Emotions // Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 2003. Vol. 16. Pp. 273–295.

Упреждающий стыд побуждает к безопасному сексу: Hynie М., MacDonald Т. К., Marques S. Self-Conscious Emotions and Self-Regulation in the Promotion of Condom Use // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2006. Vol. 32. Pp. 1072–1084.

Доска позора «Большой вор»: Kilgannon С., Singer J. Е. Stores’ Treatment of Shoplifters Tests Rights // The New York Times. 2010. Jun. 21. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/nyregion/22shoplift.html.

Публичное пристыжение мужчин, которые обращаются к проституткам: Should Cities Shame Johns by Puttingtheir Faces on Billboards, Television, and the Internet after Their Arrest? URL: http://prostitution.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=000845.

Публичное пристыжение отваживает от платного секса: Du- rchslag R., Goswami S. Deconstructing the Demand for Prostitution: Preliminary Insights from Interviews with Chicago Men Who Purchase Sex // Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation. Chicago, 2008.

Стыд и азартные игры: Yi S., Kanetkar V. Coping with Guilt and Shame After Gambling Loss // Journal of Gambling Studies. 2011.

Стыду вина и шоколадное пирожное: Chun Н., Patrick V. М., Мас- Innism D. J. Making Prudent vs. Impulsive Choices: The Role of Anticipated Shame and Guilt on Consumer Self-Control // Advances in Consumer Research. 2007. Vol. 34. Pp. 715–719. См. также: Patrick V. М., Chun H. H., Macinnis D. J. Affective Forecasting and Self-Control: Why Anticipating Pride Wins over Anticipating Shame in a Self-Regulation Context II Journal of Consumer Psychology. 2009. Vol. 19. Pp. 537-545

Вина, гордость и вариабельность сердечного ритма: Guilt and Pride Are Heartfelt, but Not Equally So / М. M. Fourie et al. // Psychophysiology. 2011.

Мы хотим, чтобы другие видели наши добрые дела, например приобретение экологических продуктов: Griskevicius V., Ту- bur J. М., Bergh В. Van den. Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010. Vol. 98. Pp. 392–404.

«Если бы стыд помогал, тучных людей бы не было»: Личный телефонный разговор с Дебом Лемайром, президентом Ассоциации здоровья людей всех размеров, 26.02.2010.

Социальное исключение лишает воли: Social Exclusion Impairs SelfRegulation / R. F. Baumeister et al. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2005. Vol. 88. Pp. 589–604.

Предрассудки лишают воли: Inzlicht М., McKay L., Aronson J. Stigma as Ego Depletion: How Being the Target of Prejudice Affects SelfControl // Psychological Science. 2006. Vol. 17. Pp. 262–269.

Социальная поддержка укрепляет самоконтроль: Wing R. R., Jeffery R. W. Benefits of Recruiting Participants with Friends and Increasing Social Support for Weight Loss and Maintenance // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999. Vol. 67. Pp. 132–138.

Глава 9. He читайте эту главу: пределы силы «Я не буду»

История Толстого пересказана в предисловии к: Wegner D. М. White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts: Suppression, Obsession, and the Psychology of Mental Control. N. Y.: Guilford, 1994.

Расшифровка стенограммы исследования с белыми медведями: We, ner D. М. White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts: Suppression, Obsession, and the Psychology of Mental Control. N. Y.: Guilford, 1994. P

Сны о любимых: Wegner D. М., Wenzlaff R. М., Kozak M. Dream Rebound: The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams // Psychological Science. 2004. Vol. 15. Pp. 232–236.

Примеры иронического бумеранга: Wegner D. M. How to Think, Say. or Do Precisely the Worst Thing for Any Occasion // Science. 2009. Vol. 325. Pp. 48–50.

Гомофобы и гей-порно: Adams H. E., Wright L. W. Jr., Lohr B. A. Is Homophobia Associated with Homosexual Arousal? // Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996. Vol. 105. Pp. 440–445.

Мозг обрабатывает запрещенное содержание: Giuliano R. J., Wicha N. Y. Why the White Bear Is Still There: Electrophysiological Evidence for Ironic Semantic Activation During Thought Suppression // Brain Research. 2010. Vol. 1316. Pp. 62–74.

Если мысль легко приходит на ум, то она правильная: Tversky А., Kahneman D. Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability // Cognitive Psychology. 1973. Vol. 5. Pp. 207–232.

Статистика авиакатостроф: Barnett A. Cross-National Differences in Aviation Safety Records // Transportation Science. 2010. Vol. 44. Pp. 322–332.

История суицидальной студентки: Jaffe Е. The Science Behind Secrets // APS Observer. 2006. Jul.

Если мысли принимать, они отступают: Giuliano R. J., WichaN. Y Why the White Bear Is Still There: Electrophysiological Evidence for Ironic Semantic Activation During Thought Suppression // Brain Research. 2010. Vol. 1316. Pp. 62–74.

Вытеснение мыслей и депрессия: Wegner D. М., Zanakos S. Chronic Thought Suppression // Journal of Personality. 1994. Vol. 62. Pp. 616640. См. также: Muris P., Merckelbach H., Horselenberg R. Individual Differences in Thought Suppression. The White Bear Suppression Inventory: Factor Structure, Reliability, Validity and Correlates // Behaviour Research and Therapy. Vol. 34. Pp. 501–513.

Подавляя печальные мысли, люди впадают в уныние: Wegner D. М. Erber R., Zanakos S. Ironic Processes in the Mental Control of Mood and Mood-Related Thought // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993. Vol. 65. Pp. 1093–1104.

Вытеснение мыслей и самооценка: Borton J. L. S., Markowitz L. J., Dieterich J. Effects of Suppressing Negative Self-Referent Thoughts on Mood and Self-Esteem // Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2005. Vol. 24. Pp. 172–190.

Вытеснение тревоги усиливает тревожность: The Paradoxical Effects of Suppressing Anxious Thoughts During Imminent Threat / E. H. W. Koster et al. // Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2003. Vol. 41. Pp. 1113–1120; How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal / S. G. Hofmann et al. // Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2009. Vol. 47. Pp. 389–394.

Вытеснение мыслей и психические расстройства: Rebound Effects Following Deliberate Thought Suppression: Does PTSD Make a Difference? / J. G. Beck et al. // Behavior Therapy. 2006. Vol. 37. Pp. 170-18 См. также: Don’t Worry and Beware of White Bears: Thought Suppression in Anxiety Patients / J. G. Beck et al. // Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1998. Vol. 12. Pp. 39–55; Thought Suppression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / D. F. Tolin et al. // Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002. Vol. 40. Pp. 1255–1274.

Социальная фобия и мозг: Neural Bases of Social Anxiety Disorder: Emotional Reactivity and Cognitive Regulation During Social and Physical Threat / P. R. Goldin et al. II Archives of General Psychiatry. 2009. Vol. 66. Pp. 170–180.

Принятие снижает стресс социальной фобии: Goldin P. R., Ramel W., Gross J. J. Mindfulness Meditation Training and Self-Referential Processing in Social Anxiety Disorder: Behavioral and Neural Effects // Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 2009. Vol. 23. Pp. 242–257. См. также: Goldin P.R., Gross J. J. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. MBSR on Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder // Emotion. 2010. Vol. 10. Pp. 83–91.

Подавление мыслей о шоколаде: Erskine J. A. К. Resistance Can Be Futile: Investigating Behavioural Rebound // Appetite. 2008. Vol. 50. Pp. 415–421. См. также: Erskine J. A. K., Georgiou G. J. Effects of Thought Suppression on Eating Behaviour in Restrained and NonRestrained Eaters // Appetite. 2010. Vol. 54. Pp. 499–503.

Исследование любителей шоколада: Human Metabolic Phenotypes Link Directly to Specifi с Dietary Preferences in Healthy Individuals / S. Rezzi et al. // Journal of Proteome Research. 2007. Vol. 6. Pp. 4469–4477.

Диеты и вытеснение мыслей: Barnes R. D., Tantleff-Dunn S. Food for Thought: Examining the Relationship between Food Thought Suppression and Weight-Related Outcomes // Eating Behaviors. 2010. Vol. 11. Pp. 175–179.

Диеты не помогают: Medicares Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer / T. Mann et al. // American Psychologist. 2007. Vol. 62. Pp. 220–233.

Ограничения усиливают влечения: Hill A. J. The Psychology of Food Craving // Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2007. Vol. 66. Pp. 277–285. См. также: Polivy J., Coleman J., Herman C. P. The Effect of Deprivation on Food Cravings and Eating Behavior in Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters // International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005. Vol. 38. Pp. 301–309.

Исследование с Hersheys Kisses: A Comparison of Acceptance- and Control-Based Strategies for Coping with Food Cravings: An Analog Study / Е. М. Forman et al. // Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007. Vol. 45. Pp. 2372–2386.

С запретом на продукты покончено: Health-at-Every-Size and Eating Behaviors: 1-Year Follow-up Results of a Size Acceptance Intervention / V. Provencher et al. // Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009. Vol. 109. Pp. 1854–1861; Psychological Impact of a «Health-at-Every-Size» Intervention on Weight-Preoccupied Overweight / Obese Women / M. P. Gagnon-Girouard et al. // Journal of Obesity. 2010. Vol. 2010.

Исследование «пытка курильщиков»: Bowen S., Marlatt A. Surfing th Urge: Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention for College Student Smokers 11 Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2009. Vol. 23. Pp. 666–671.

Осознанность предотвращает срыв: Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Pilot Efficacy Trial / S. Bowen et al. // Substance Abuse. 2009. Vol. 30. Pp. 295–305. См. также: Witkiewitz K., Bowen S. Depression, Craving, and Substance Use Following a Randomized Trial of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2010. Vol. 78. Pp. 362–374.

«Единственное разумное заключение к научной книге: делайте свои выводы»: Это высказывание принадлежит Брайану Кидду, старшему научному сотруднику кафедры биоинформатики Института инфекций, иммунитета и трансплантологии Стэнфордского университета.